The Surprising Connection Between Pain and Cannabis Use Among Young Adults

It’s a common misconception that pain is primarily an issue for older individuals. However, emerging research proves this belief wrong, highlighting that significant acute and chronic pain also affects young adults. A recent investigation conducted by researchers at Binghamton University’s Psychology Department has illuminated this dynamic, revealing the intriguing relationship between pain levels and cannabis use among individuals aged 18 to 25.

Insightful Findings from Recent Research

The research findings stem from two pivotal articles, published in reputable journals, that explore how pain influences cannabis initiation and usage. The first article, titled “Pain Predicts Cannabis Initiation Among Emerging Adults: Results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study,” was featured in Behavioral Medicine. The second, “Pain Predicts Past-Month Co-Use of Alcohol and Cannabis Among Emerging Adults,” was published in Alcohol. Both studies were led by doctoral researcher Callon Williams, assisted by professors Nadine R. Mastroleo, Mark F. Lenzenweger, and Emily L. Zale.

Williams notes, “Emerging adults are thought of as a healthy, pain-free population, and there’s a lot of normative substance use that occurs. And yet, pain is still predictive of cannabis initiation among this group.”

Understanding the Emerging Adult Demographic

The research focuses specifically on emerging adults aged 18 to 25, utilizing data from the PATH study—a comprehensive survey that contains nationally representative data on substance use and health-related behaviors among diverse youth and adults. The dataset spans from 2013 to 2019, incorporating 45,971 individuals across the United States.

During the time of the study, the landscape of cannabis legality shifted significantly, with additional states permitting medicinal and recreational use. As a result, the definitions of cannabis usage expanded, including various consumption methods such as smoking, vaping, and using hash oils, although edibles remained excluded from the scope of the study.

Pain Perception Among Young Adults

Contrary to prevailing myths, pain—whether acute or chronic—is not exclusive to older adults. In fact, the incidence of certain pain conditions among younger populations often mirrors those found in older demographics worldwide.

“We know that the prevalence of certain chronic pain conditions reaches its peak and then remains stable past emerging adulthood. They don’t necessarily get the same attention because the expectation is they’re young and healthy, but we are able to consistently replicate rates of both acute and chronic pain in our emerging adult samples that we would expect based on worldwide data.”
– Emily L. Zale, Assistant Professor, Binghamton University

The studies used a standard 10-point pain rating scale commonly employed in medical settings. The focus was primarily on individuals reporting moderate to severe pain (scores of 4 or greater). The findings were noteworthy: individuals experiencing moderate to severe pain were significantly more likely to begin using cannabis over the four-year period examined. Furthermore, these individuals initiated use earlier within that timeframe compared to those reporting low or no pain.

Risky Co-Use of Substances

An alarming revelation from the studies is the strong correlation between pain and the co-use of cannabis and alcohol among emerging adults. Those in moderate to severe pain were 1.4 times more likely to engage in the combined use of these substances. This behavior is associated with a range of additional risks, including impaired driving, risky sexual behavior, and adverse effects on mental health.

While the published studies did not provide conclusive evidence on whether this co-use persists or intensifies over time, prevailing research suggests that it likely does. Zale adds, “When we do substance use work with emerging adults, we need to know how much pain is a factor in their decisions.”

Implications for Clinicians and Substance Use Interventions

The significance of recognizing pain as a pivotal factor in substance use among young adults cannot be overstated. Clinicians and health professionals working with emerging adults should assess patients’ pain levels. Doing so can provide critical insights into whether individuals are turning to cannabis and/or alcohol as a means of coping with their pain.

Williams concludes, “This research provides a starting point for pain as a predictor of initiation. It highlights the necessity for clinicians to integrate an understanding of their patients’ pain experiences into their treatment approaches.” This integration could lead to more effective interventions and support for young adults navigating complex pain and substance use issues.

Conclusion

As we continue to unravel the intricate relationship between pain and cannabis use among young adults, it becomes clear that the personal experiences of pain must be considered in substance use research and intervention strategies. Addressing pain in young adults not only advocates for their health but also challenges misconceptions of youth as a wholly healthy demographic. With increased awareness and understanding, we can foster a more supportive environment for emerging adults facing these challenges.